DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES ENRICHED WITH DEFATTED WATERMELON SEED FLOUR
Abstract
Watermelon seeds are nutrient-dense, phytochemical-rich by-products often discarded by the food industry. The present study aimed to develop effervescent granules from defatted watermelon seed flour and to evaluate their physicochemical characteristics. Watermelon seeds were processed and defatted using n-hexane solvent extraction. Ten distinct formulations (WSFG01–WSFG10) were prepared by wet granulation using precise stoichiometric ratios of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. Physicochemical evaluation, including flowability, cessation time, pH, acidity, phenolic content, and DPPH antioxidant activity, was performed; protein content was estimated for the selected formulations. The result demonstrated that defatting yielded a 52% solid-matrix recovery, with base formulations showing an optimal low moisture content. Granule flowability was generally excellent, and cessation times successfully met standards, increasing from 1.26 to 2.38 minutes as the seed concentration increased. Formulation pH ranged from 4.87 to 5.63 and was inversely correlated with a decrease in acidity from 29.6% to 14.4%. Furthermore, higher seed concentrations led to a dose-dependent increase in bioactivity, peaking in WSFG10, with 0.481 µg/g total phenols, 0.67 µg/g total tannins, and 30.11% DPPH inhibition. The protein content is noticeably high in WSFG10 (22.67%). Defatted watermelon seeds yield viable effervescent granules with ideal functional profiles, promoting sustainable agro-industrial waste valorization.
Keywords:
Watermelon seed, Stoichiometry, Effervescent granules, Protein, Phenolic compounds, Cessation time
References
1. Du X, Ramirez J. Watermelon rind and flesh volatile profiles and cultivar difference. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(2): 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020099
2. Pandey VK, Singh K, Pathak A, Singh S, Panesar PS. Biotechnological Potentialities and Valorization of Watermelon By‐Products: An Overview. Biorefining Fruit Waste: Technological Advances in a Circular Bioeconomy. 2025; 23:429-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394301256.ch16
3. Joy GF, Sunday OZ, Remilekun A, Olusegun AD. Waste-to-wealth; nutritional potential of five selected fruit peels and their health benefits: A review. African Journal of Food Science. 2022; 16(7): 172-83. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2021.2138
4. Petchsomrit A, McDermott MI, Chanroj S, Choksawangkarn W. Watermelon seeds and peels: fatty acid composition and cosmeceutical potential. OCL. 2020; 27: 54. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020051
5. Elaine E, Jess WT, & Nyam KL. Watermelon seeds: nutritional profile, bioactivities, and application in food industry. In Valorization of Fruit Seed Waste from Food Processing Industry: 2024: pp. 183-213.
6. Asfaw MD. Review on watermelon production and nutritional value in Ethiopia. J. Nutr. Sci. Res. 2022; 7(173): 104-02. https://doi.org/10.7176/FSQM/104-02
7. Abdi AH, Yusuf Z, Desta M. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) Rind and seed (Doctoral dissertation, Haramaya University). 2024.
8. Yang DD, Yuan M, Lu XQ, Gong CS, Zhao Y, Yuan F, Liu WN. Analysis of free amino acids accumulation during fruit development in three different types of watermelons. Journal of Fruit Science. 2023; 40(8): 1651-1665. https://doi.org/10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220087
9. Benmeziane F, Derradji. Composition, bioactive potential and food applications of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds–a review. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2023; 17(5): 5045-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02012-5
10. Nissar J, Sidiqi US, Dar AH, Akbar U. Nutritional composition and bioactive potential of watermelon seeds: a pathway to sustainable food and health innovation. Sustainable Food Technology. 2025; 3(2): 375-95. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D4FB00335G
11. Alburyhi MM, Moharram BA. Formulation and evaluation of Aloe niebuhriana extract as naturaceutical effervescent granules novel drug delivery systems for antidiabetic activity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2025; 14(18): 1147-57. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr202518-38404
12. Sidoretno WM, Rosaini H, Makmur FD, Kharisma FD. Formulation and evaluation of effervescent granules combination extract red ginger, curcuma, and cinnamon. Journal of Pharmacy and Science. 2022; 5(1): 21-35.
13. Butar-Butar ME, Roni A, Pahlevi MR, Zaelani D, Sagita ND, Pratama R. Recent advances in herbal effervescent formulations: challenges and opportunities. Sciences of Pharmacy. 2025; 4(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.58920/sciphar0401311
14. Rathee P, Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Khatkar A, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Redhu N, Türkcanoğlu G, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Polyphenols: natural preservatives with promising applications in food, cosmetics and pharma industries; problems and toxicity associated with synthetic preservatives; impact of misleading advertisements; recent trends in preservation and legislation. Materials. 2023; 16(13): 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134793
15. Sukarno S, Hidayati R, Sari DE, Wulandari NP. (2025). The effect of variations in citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentrations on the physical properties of effervescent granules from a combination of pineapple juice (Ananas Comosus L. (Merr)) and dragon fruit juice (Hylocereus Polyrhizus). In the Proceeding of the Cendekia International Conference on Health and Technology. 2025; 3: 299-304.
16. Surini S, Wardani MR, Sagita E. Evaluating of effervescent tablets containing grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) extract as a nutraceutical. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2017; 9(1): 150-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.76_83
17. Mohamad MD. Formulation of Effervescent Powder Using Dates Containing Myo-Inositol as Active Ingredients. Enhanced Knowledge in Sciences and Technology. 2024; 4(2): 604-12.
18. Nguyen PM. Production of effervescent tablet from jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit. Research on Crops. 2022; 23(4): 888-95. https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-852
19. Islam MR, Hasan SK. Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit-based effervescent tablet formulations: Impact on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes. Heliyon. 2024; 10(23): e40544.
20. Ma Y, Lian Y, Meng X, Xu M, Zhang T, Zou H, Yang H. Process optimization of sea buckthorn fruit powder effervescent tablets by random centroid methodology combined with fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation. Processes. 2023; 11(9): 2639. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092639
21. Vlaicu PA, Untea AE, Varzaru I, Saracila M, Oancea AG. Designing nutrition for health—Incorporating dietary by-products into poultry feeds to create functional foods with insights into health benefits, risks, bioactive compounds, food component functionality and safety regulations. Foods. 2023; 12(21): 4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12214001
22. Mehra M, Ojha A, Meghwal M, Chauhan K, Pareek S. Physical, nutritional, functional, and thermal properties of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) seeds and flours. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 2023; 25(2): 123-9. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i02.22
23. Aslani A, Fattahi F. Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of potassium citrate effervescent tablets. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2013; 3(1): 217. https://doi.org/: 10.5681/apb.2013.036
24. Gillani HA, Khalid M, Said S, Khalid M, Umbreen S, Tariq S. Vitamin C and cranberry extract effervescent tablet formulation, characterization, and evaluation. International Journal of Pharmacy and Integrated Health Sciences. 2023; 4(1): 560605. https://doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v4i1.53
25. Toding FA, Dewi NP, Wulandari SW. Antioxidant activity of effervescent granule of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus Polyrhizus W.) using the DPPH method. Journal of Edu Health. 2024; 15(02): 973-83.
26. Naji-Tabasi S, Emadzadeh B, Shahidi-Noghabi M, Abbaspour M, Akbari E. Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of barberry juice powder and its effervescent tablets. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2021; 8(1): 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00220-z
27. Horwitz W, Latimer GW. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg: AOAC International; 2005.
28. Shadordizadeh T, Mahdian E, Hesarinejad MA. Application of encapsulated Indigofera tinctoria extract as a natural antioxidant and colorant in ice cream. Food Science & Nutrition. 2023; 11(4): 1940-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3228
29. Niknam R, Mousavi M, Kiani H. A new source of galactomannan isolated from Gleditsia caspica (Persian honey locust) seeds: Extraction and comprehensive characterization. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2021; 45(10): e15774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15774
30. Anesakirani A, Pramono YB, Nurwantoro N. Physical and organoleptic characteristics of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) effervescent tablets. Journal of Food Technology. 2018; 2(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/jtp.2018.20518
31. Ratrinia PW, Sumartini, Hasibuan NE. The effect of addition dfferent types of binders to the effervescent chemical characteristics of Sonneratia casolaris fruits. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2022; 967(1); 012049. IOP Publishing.
32. Islam MR, Haque AR, Kabir MR, Hasan MM, Khushe KJ, Hasan SK. Fruit by-products: the potential natural sources of antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Journal of food science and technology. 2021; 58(5): 1715-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04681-2
33. Pratama R, Nurasih W, Asnawi A, Suhardiman A, Zaelani D, Pahlevi MR. Development and standardization of an effervescent granule formulation of pomegranate peel extract with potential antioxidant activity. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. 2025; 9(3). https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i3.28
34. Indriaty, Jayanthi S, Hartono A. Phytochemical profile and bioactivity of Ceriops decandra: exploring the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of methanol residue fractions. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2026; 1616(1): 012105. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1616/1/012105
35. Aulifa DL, Wibowo DP, Safitri NE, Budiman AR. Formulation of effervescent granules from red ginger (Zingiberis officinale roscoe var. Rubrum) extract and its antioxidant activity. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(1): 112-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43377
36. Parajuli-Baral K. Formulation and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Effervescent Granules from the Potent Antioxidant between Two Variants of the Adaptogenic Herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. The Scientific World Journal. 2023; 2023(1): 2050846. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2050846
37. Peters DE, Ogbeifun HE, Monanu MO. Nutrient Composition of Citrullus Lanatus (Water Melon) Seeds. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). 2022; 9(3): 37-48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037580
38. Ahamad S, Mohammad Azmin SN, Mat Nor MS, Zamzuri ND, Babar M. Recent trends in preprocessing and extraction of watermelon rind extract: A comprehensive review. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2022; 46(7): e16711. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16711
39. Sharma K. Mango waste utilization: from valorization to therapeutic potential and research advances. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2026; 16(5): 168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-026-07087-w
40. Mwaurah PW, Kumar S, Kumar N, Attkan AK, Panghal A, Singh VK, Garg MK. Novel oil extraction technologies: Process conditions, quality parameters, and optimization. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2020; 19(1): 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12507
41. Garuma WB, Bedru TK, Gindaba GT, Jayakumar M, Edae IT, Meshesha BT, Mohammed SA, Demesa AG. Optimization and characterization of ultrasonically extracted oil from watermelon seeds using response surface methodology: a pathway to biodiesel and epoxy oil production. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2025; 15(16): 23135-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-025-06746-8
42. Vanhere KG, Derle DV, Khatale SB, Nangude SL. A comprehensive review on effervescent tablets. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2023; 13(7): 141-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i7.6120
43. Alburyhi MM, Moharram BA. Formulation and evaluation of aloe niebuhriana extract as naturaceutical effervescent granules novel drug delivery systems for antidiabetic activity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2025; 14(18): 1147-57. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr202518-38404
44. Przywara M, Leszczak P. Quality by design strategies in fluidized bed granulation: A focus on granules for tablet manufacturing. Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal. 2025; 19(2).
45. Florenly F, Lokanata S, Friando J, Mai PT, Le HH, Luzria CC, Sintapanont A. Formulation and physical stability analysis of red beetroots (Beta vulgaris l.) effervescent granules. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2023; 35(2): 91-7. https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol35no2.47031
46. Dawoud AD, Abdalla DB. Formulation and pre-compression characterization of Eucalyptus camaldulensis herbal tablets for antihyperglycemic use. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2025; 4(1): 63-9. https://doi.org/10.34172/jbp.2025.9
47. Sari YN, Octavia MD, Utamii IP, Fadhila M. Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Granul from African Leaf Extract (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. 2022; 3(11): 3125-3130. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.3.11.44
48. Cleamentine J, Nurkhoeriyati T. The Effect of Milling Duration on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Chayote Squash Powder. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2025; 1564(1): 012028. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1564/1/012028
49. Sun W. Development of effervescent tablets containing elderberry vine tea compound and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2023; 2023(1): 4312278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4312278
50. Arishasri S, Vignesh R, Renuga D, Rammohan R, Vasantharaman C, Bharathi B, Thirupathi S, Ananth K. Effervescent tablets: comprehensive review on formulation strategies, manufacturing technologies, and quality evaluation. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 2025; 10(12), 1846-1855. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25dec989
51. Julianti TB, Bakar MF, Wikantyasning ER. Formulation and optimization of effervescent tablet containing Kaempferia galanga. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2024; 15: 133-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024.v16s5.52464
52. Maulana R, Wahyuni As, Dai M. Optimization of sodium bicarbonate-citric acid concentration in aphrodisiac effervescent granule dosage form of a combination of javanese chili extract and red ginger extract and evaluation of its physical properties International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(4): 193-200. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025v17i4.53539
53. Permadi YW, Rahmatullah S, Prafitri LD, Azmi RS. Effervescent granule formulation of alpocate seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) With acid-basic concentration variation. Flurecol. 2021; 1(1): 722-38.
54. Prasher P, Sharma M. Plant Phenolics and Oxidative Stress. In Plant Growth Regulators to Manage Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Agroecosystems 2024: pp. 211-230.
55. Afkham F, Vaidya M. In-vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) Dc. Dizhen Dizhi Journal. 2026; 18(3).
56. Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. DPPH radical scavenging assay. Processes. 2023; 11(8): 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248
57. Stoica F, Râpeanu G, Rațu RN, Stănciuc N, Croitoru C, Țopa D, Jităreanu G. Red beetroot and its by-products: A comprehensive review of phytochemicals, extraction methods, health benefits, and applications. Agriculture. 2025; 15(3): 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030270
58. Ogunbusola EM, Alabi OO, Araoye KT, Sanni TA, Jaiyeoba CN, Adebayo-Alabi IB, Akila OA. Impact of extraction methods on the quality, physicochemical, and functional properties of white melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) seed protein concentrates. Food Chemistry Advances. 2022; 1: 100131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2022.100131
59. Nguyen AV, Nguyen KK, Le UN, Tran AM, Nguyen BC, Nguyen HT, Tran TL, Huynh AP, Vu AT. Production, characterization, and functional properties of protein concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds. Scientific Reports. 2026; 16: 10598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1
60. Singh T, Ghanghas N, Prabhakar PK, Madhumita M. Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) Seed protein isolate: a current status on emerging extraction processes, multilevel techno-functional properties and industrial applications. Food Reviews International. 2025; 41(9): 2775-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2025.2502434
61. Hahn A, Liszka J, Maksym J, Nemś A, Miedzianka J. Preliminary data of the nutritive, antioxidative, and functional properties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) flour and seed protein concentrate. Molecules. 2025; 30(1): 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010181
62. Zhang G, Li Z, Liu L, Xiang Q. Road to valorisation of melon seeds (Cucumis melo L.): a comprehensive review of nutritional profiles, biological activities, and food applications. Sustainable Food Technology. 2024;2(5):1166-82. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D4FB00119B
63. Akbarbaglu Z, Tamjidi F, Sarabandi K, Ayaseh A. Production, characterization and spray-drying encapsulation of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed protein hydrolysates for bread fortification. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2025; 19(2): 938-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-024-03014-7.
2. Pandey VK, Singh K, Pathak A, Singh S, Panesar PS. Biotechnological Potentialities and Valorization of Watermelon By‐Products: An Overview. Biorefining Fruit Waste: Technological Advances in a Circular Bioeconomy. 2025; 23:429-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394301256.ch16
3. Joy GF, Sunday OZ, Remilekun A, Olusegun AD. Waste-to-wealth; nutritional potential of five selected fruit peels and their health benefits: A review. African Journal of Food Science. 2022; 16(7): 172-83. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2021.2138
4. Petchsomrit A, McDermott MI, Chanroj S, Choksawangkarn W. Watermelon seeds and peels: fatty acid composition and cosmeceutical potential. OCL. 2020; 27: 54. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020051
5. Elaine E, Jess WT, & Nyam KL. Watermelon seeds: nutritional profile, bioactivities, and application in food industry. In Valorization of Fruit Seed Waste from Food Processing Industry: 2024: pp. 183-213.
6. Asfaw MD. Review on watermelon production and nutritional value in Ethiopia. J. Nutr. Sci. Res. 2022; 7(173): 104-02. https://doi.org/10.7176/FSQM/104-02
7. Abdi AH, Yusuf Z, Desta M. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) Rind and seed (Doctoral dissertation, Haramaya University). 2024.
8. Yang DD, Yuan M, Lu XQ, Gong CS, Zhao Y, Yuan F, Liu WN. Analysis of free amino acids accumulation during fruit development in three different types of watermelons. Journal of Fruit Science. 2023; 40(8): 1651-1665. https://doi.org/10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220087
9. Benmeziane F, Derradji. Composition, bioactive potential and food applications of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds–a review. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2023; 17(5): 5045-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02012-5
10. Nissar J, Sidiqi US, Dar AH, Akbar U. Nutritional composition and bioactive potential of watermelon seeds: a pathway to sustainable food and health innovation. Sustainable Food Technology. 2025; 3(2): 375-95. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D4FB00335G
11. Alburyhi MM, Moharram BA. Formulation and evaluation of Aloe niebuhriana extract as naturaceutical effervescent granules novel drug delivery systems for antidiabetic activity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2025; 14(18): 1147-57. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr202518-38404
12. Sidoretno WM, Rosaini H, Makmur FD, Kharisma FD. Formulation and evaluation of effervescent granules combination extract red ginger, curcuma, and cinnamon. Journal of Pharmacy and Science. 2022; 5(1): 21-35.
13. Butar-Butar ME, Roni A, Pahlevi MR, Zaelani D, Sagita ND, Pratama R. Recent advances in herbal effervescent formulations: challenges and opportunities. Sciences of Pharmacy. 2025; 4(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.58920/sciphar0401311
14. Rathee P, Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Khatkar A, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Redhu N, Türkcanoğlu G, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Polyphenols: natural preservatives with promising applications in food, cosmetics and pharma industries; problems and toxicity associated with synthetic preservatives; impact of misleading advertisements; recent trends in preservation and legislation. Materials. 2023; 16(13): 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134793
15. Sukarno S, Hidayati R, Sari DE, Wulandari NP. (2025). The effect of variations in citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentrations on the physical properties of effervescent granules from a combination of pineapple juice (Ananas Comosus L. (Merr)) and dragon fruit juice (Hylocereus Polyrhizus). In the Proceeding of the Cendekia International Conference on Health and Technology. 2025; 3: 299-304.
16. Surini S, Wardani MR, Sagita E. Evaluating of effervescent tablets containing grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) extract as a nutraceutical. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2017; 9(1): 150-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.76_83
17. Mohamad MD. Formulation of Effervescent Powder Using Dates Containing Myo-Inositol as Active Ingredients. Enhanced Knowledge in Sciences and Technology. 2024; 4(2): 604-12.
18. Nguyen PM. Production of effervescent tablet from jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit. Research on Crops. 2022; 23(4): 888-95. https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-852
19. Islam MR, Hasan SK. Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit-based effervescent tablet formulations: Impact on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes. Heliyon. 2024; 10(23): e40544.
20. Ma Y, Lian Y, Meng X, Xu M, Zhang T, Zou H, Yang H. Process optimization of sea buckthorn fruit powder effervescent tablets by random centroid methodology combined with fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation. Processes. 2023; 11(9): 2639. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092639
21. Vlaicu PA, Untea AE, Varzaru I, Saracila M, Oancea AG. Designing nutrition for health—Incorporating dietary by-products into poultry feeds to create functional foods with insights into health benefits, risks, bioactive compounds, food component functionality and safety regulations. Foods. 2023; 12(21): 4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12214001
22. Mehra M, Ojha A, Meghwal M, Chauhan K, Pareek S. Physical, nutritional, functional, and thermal properties of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) seeds and flours. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 2023; 25(2): 123-9. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i02.22
23. Aslani A, Fattahi F. Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of potassium citrate effervescent tablets. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2013; 3(1): 217. https://doi.org/: 10.5681/apb.2013.036
24. Gillani HA, Khalid M, Said S, Khalid M, Umbreen S, Tariq S. Vitamin C and cranberry extract effervescent tablet formulation, characterization, and evaluation. International Journal of Pharmacy and Integrated Health Sciences. 2023; 4(1): 560605. https://doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v4i1.53
25. Toding FA, Dewi NP, Wulandari SW. Antioxidant activity of effervescent granule of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus Polyrhizus W.) using the DPPH method. Journal of Edu Health. 2024; 15(02): 973-83.
26. Naji-Tabasi S, Emadzadeh B, Shahidi-Noghabi M, Abbaspour M, Akbari E. Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of barberry juice powder and its effervescent tablets. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2021; 8(1): 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00220-z
27. Horwitz W, Latimer GW. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg: AOAC International; 2005.
28. Shadordizadeh T, Mahdian E, Hesarinejad MA. Application of encapsulated Indigofera tinctoria extract as a natural antioxidant and colorant in ice cream. Food Science & Nutrition. 2023; 11(4): 1940-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3228
29. Niknam R, Mousavi M, Kiani H. A new source of galactomannan isolated from Gleditsia caspica (Persian honey locust) seeds: Extraction and comprehensive characterization. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2021; 45(10): e15774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15774
30. Anesakirani A, Pramono YB, Nurwantoro N. Physical and organoleptic characteristics of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) effervescent tablets. Journal of Food Technology. 2018; 2(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/jtp.2018.20518
31. Ratrinia PW, Sumartini, Hasibuan NE. The effect of addition dfferent types of binders to the effervescent chemical characteristics of Sonneratia casolaris fruits. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2022; 967(1); 012049. IOP Publishing.
32. Islam MR, Haque AR, Kabir MR, Hasan MM, Khushe KJ, Hasan SK. Fruit by-products: the potential natural sources of antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Journal of food science and technology. 2021; 58(5): 1715-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04681-2
33. Pratama R, Nurasih W, Asnawi A, Suhardiman A, Zaelani D, Pahlevi MR. Development and standardization of an effervescent granule formulation of pomegranate peel extract with potential antioxidant activity. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. 2025; 9(3). https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i3.28
34. Indriaty, Jayanthi S, Hartono A. Phytochemical profile and bioactivity of Ceriops decandra: exploring the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of methanol residue fractions. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2026; 1616(1): 012105. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1616/1/012105
35. Aulifa DL, Wibowo DP, Safitri NE, Budiman AR. Formulation of effervescent granules from red ginger (Zingiberis officinale roscoe var. Rubrum) extract and its antioxidant activity. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(1): 112-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43377
36. Parajuli-Baral K. Formulation and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Effervescent Granules from the Potent Antioxidant between Two Variants of the Adaptogenic Herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. The Scientific World Journal. 2023; 2023(1): 2050846. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2050846
37. Peters DE, Ogbeifun HE, Monanu MO. Nutrient Composition of Citrullus Lanatus (Water Melon) Seeds. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). 2022; 9(3): 37-48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037580
38. Ahamad S, Mohammad Azmin SN, Mat Nor MS, Zamzuri ND, Babar M. Recent trends in preprocessing and extraction of watermelon rind extract: A comprehensive review. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2022; 46(7): e16711. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16711
39. Sharma K. Mango waste utilization: from valorization to therapeutic potential and research advances. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2026; 16(5): 168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-026-07087-w
40. Mwaurah PW, Kumar S, Kumar N, Attkan AK, Panghal A, Singh VK, Garg MK. Novel oil extraction technologies: Process conditions, quality parameters, and optimization. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2020; 19(1): 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12507
41. Garuma WB, Bedru TK, Gindaba GT, Jayakumar M, Edae IT, Meshesha BT, Mohammed SA, Demesa AG. Optimization and characterization of ultrasonically extracted oil from watermelon seeds using response surface methodology: a pathway to biodiesel and epoxy oil production. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2025; 15(16): 23135-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-025-06746-8
42. Vanhere KG, Derle DV, Khatale SB, Nangude SL. A comprehensive review on effervescent tablets. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2023; 13(7): 141-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i7.6120
43. Alburyhi MM, Moharram BA. Formulation and evaluation of aloe niebuhriana extract as naturaceutical effervescent granules novel drug delivery systems for antidiabetic activity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2025; 14(18): 1147-57. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr202518-38404
44. Przywara M, Leszczak P. Quality by design strategies in fluidized bed granulation: A focus on granules for tablet manufacturing. Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal. 2025; 19(2).
45. Florenly F, Lokanata S, Friando J, Mai PT, Le HH, Luzria CC, Sintapanont A. Formulation and physical stability analysis of red beetroots (Beta vulgaris l.) effervescent granules. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2023; 35(2): 91-7. https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol35no2.47031
46. Dawoud AD, Abdalla DB. Formulation and pre-compression characterization of Eucalyptus camaldulensis herbal tablets for antihyperglycemic use. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. 2025; 4(1): 63-9. https://doi.org/10.34172/jbp.2025.9
47. Sari YN, Octavia MD, Utamii IP, Fadhila M. Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Granul from African Leaf Extract (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. 2022; 3(11): 3125-3130. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.3.11.44
48. Cleamentine J, Nurkhoeriyati T. The Effect of Milling Duration on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Chayote Squash Powder. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2025; 1564(1): 012028. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1564/1/012028
49. Sun W. Development of effervescent tablets containing elderberry vine tea compound and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2023; 2023(1): 4312278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4312278
50. Arishasri S, Vignesh R, Renuga D, Rammohan R, Vasantharaman C, Bharathi B, Thirupathi S, Ananth K. Effervescent tablets: comprehensive review on formulation strategies, manufacturing technologies, and quality evaluation. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 2025; 10(12), 1846-1855. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25dec989
51. Julianti TB, Bakar MF, Wikantyasning ER. Formulation and optimization of effervescent tablet containing Kaempferia galanga. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2024; 15: 133-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024.v16s5.52464
52. Maulana R, Wahyuni As, Dai M. Optimization of sodium bicarbonate-citric acid concentration in aphrodisiac effervescent granule dosage form of a combination of javanese chili extract and red ginger extract and evaluation of its physical properties International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(4): 193-200. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025v17i4.53539
53. Permadi YW, Rahmatullah S, Prafitri LD, Azmi RS. Effervescent granule formulation of alpocate seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) With acid-basic concentration variation. Flurecol. 2021; 1(1): 722-38.
54. Prasher P, Sharma M. Plant Phenolics and Oxidative Stress. In Plant Growth Regulators to Manage Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Agroecosystems 2024: pp. 211-230.
55. Afkham F, Vaidya M. In-vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) Dc. Dizhen Dizhi Journal. 2026; 18(3).
56. Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. DPPH radical scavenging assay. Processes. 2023; 11(8): 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248
57. Stoica F, Râpeanu G, Rațu RN, Stănciuc N, Croitoru C, Țopa D, Jităreanu G. Red beetroot and its by-products: A comprehensive review of phytochemicals, extraction methods, health benefits, and applications. Agriculture. 2025; 15(3): 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030270
58. Ogunbusola EM, Alabi OO, Araoye KT, Sanni TA, Jaiyeoba CN, Adebayo-Alabi IB, Akila OA. Impact of extraction methods on the quality, physicochemical, and functional properties of white melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) seed protein concentrates. Food Chemistry Advances. 2022; 1: 100131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2022.100131
59. Nguyen AV, Nguyen KK, Le UN, Tran AM, Nguyen BC, Nguyen HT, Tran TL, Huynh AP, Vu AT. Production, characterization, and functional properties of protein concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds. Scientific Reports. 2026; 16: 10598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1
60. Singh T, Ghanghas N, Prabhakar PK, Madhumita M. Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) Seed protein isolate: a current status on emerging extraction processes, multilevel techno-functional properties and industrial applications. Food Reviews International. 2025; 41(9): 2775-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2025.2502434
61. Hahn A, Liszka J, Maksym J, Nemś A, Miedzianka J. Preliminary data of the nutritive, antioxidative, and functional properties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) flour and seed protein concentrate. Molecules. 2025; 30(1): 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010181
62. Zhang G, Li Z, Liu L, Xiang Q. Road to valorisation of melon seeds (Cucumis melo L.): a comprehensive review of nutritional profiles, biological activities, and food applications. Sustainable Food Technology. 2024;2(5):1166-82. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D4FB00119B
63. Akbarbaglu Z, Tamjidi F, Sarabandi K, Ayaseh A. Production, characterization and spray-drying encapsulation of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed protein hydrolysates for bread fortification. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2025; 19(2): 938-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-024-03014-7.
Statistics
0 Views | 0 Downloads
How to Cite
Kaviyarasu Munikrishnan, Vijayalakshmi Karthi, and Karthika Periyasami. “DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES ENRICHED WITH DEFATTED WATERMELON SEED FLOUR”. Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 16, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 48-56, doi:10.24092/CRPS.2026.160303.
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.