SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROFILING OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE DERIVATIVES VIA ULTRASOUND APPROACH

Srinkhla Kumari; Ankit Diwan; Trapti Shrivastava; Kuldeep Ganju

doi:10.24092/CRPS.2026.160203

Srinkhla Kumari Sagar Institute of Pharmacy and Technology (SIPTec), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Ankit Diwan Sagar Institute of Pharmacy and Technology (SIPTec), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Trapti Shrivastava Sagar Institute of Pharmacy and Technology (SIPTec), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Kuldeep Ganju Sagar Institute of Pharmacy and Technology (SIPTec), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

DOI https://doi.org/10.24092/CRPS.2026.160203

Abstract

The present study describes the sustainable synthesis, structural characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives using an ultrasound-assisted approach. A three-step synthetic pathway involving successive nucleophilic substitution of cyanuric chloride was employed to obtain five derivatives (TSa-e). The compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectrometry, confirming the incorporation of functional groups and substitution patterns. Physicochemical properties, including solubility, melting point, and retention factor were determined. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli (MTCC 40) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) using disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Among the synthesized derivatives, TSc (N2,N4,N6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) exhibited the most potent activity with IC50 values of 52.15 µg/mL (E. coli) and 76.13 µg/mL (S. aureus), suggesting enhanced lipophilicity improved antibacterial efficacy. Electron-withdrawing substituents (Cl, Br) reduced activity compared to unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted derivatives. The study highlights ultrasound-assisted synthesis as a green and efficient method for preparing bioactive triazine derivatives with promising antibacterial potential.

Keywords: 1,3,5-Triazine, Ultrasound-assisted synthesis, Antimicrobial evaluation, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

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