In vitro Antiplasmodial Actitvity of Aqueous and Ethanol Stem And Leaf Extracts of Senna Occidentalis (Coffee Senna)
Abstract
Development of resistance against the frontline anti-malarial drugs has created an alarming situation, which requires intensive drug recovery to develop new, more effective, affordable and accessible anti-malarial agents. Plants as Senna occidentalis produce a wide variety of phytochemical constituents, which are secondary metabolites and are used either directly or indirectly in the pharmaceutical industry. Phytochemical screening and antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. occidentalis (L.) leaves and stems were studied in this work. The preliminary screening of the leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosids, quinine, protein and amino acid, phenol, flavonoids and carbohydrate and showed absence of tannins. Likewise, stem extracts which shows absence of phenols in addition to tannins in the ethanol extract. These extracts were assayed at various concentration using double serial dilution (20mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml and 1.25mg/ml) for antiplasmodial effect after 24, 48 and 72hours respectively, and the activity of the extracts were obtained as percentage activity of the extracts after 72 hours of incubation period. The result of antiplasmodial activity revealed that both aqueous and ethanol stem and leaf extracts of the plant were effective against the malaria parasite. However, the aqueous stem extract showed greater activities than the ethanol extract. At extract concentration of 20mg/ml, both ethanol and aqueous extracts produced highest parasite clearance rate after 72 hours of incubation with percentage elimination of 77%. From these observations, S. occidentalis is likely to contain promising chemical compounds which can be utilized as an effective plant-based medicine for the treatment of malaria.
Keywords:
Malaria, phytochemicals, antiplasmodial, parasite, aqueous, ethanol
References
1. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2020.
2. Nkunya HMH (1996). Unusual Metabolites from Tanzanian Annonaceous Plants: the genus Uvari, International Organization of Chemistry and Sciences for Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe, p 41.
3. Gelfand M “Rivers of Death” The Central African Journal of Medicine 1965; 11(8):1-45.
4. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2002.
5. Omoregie ES, and Sisodia B. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis and Soroja. Bayero. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 5: (1): 90 – 97.
6. Lar J and Gupta PC. Anthraquine glycosidres from the seeds of cassia occidentalis. Linn. Experentia.1973; 29:142-3.
7. Barbosa-Ferreira M, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, Górniak SL. Subacute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43:497–503.
8. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia Vol. 1. 2011.
9. Parekh J and Chanda S. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53 – 58.
10. Dacie J V and Lewis SM (Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 1968; 65-66.
11. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 1 second edition. Published in the United States of America by cambridge university press, New York. 2009; 231-257.
12. Hanne IZ, Dan S, Jette C, Lars H, Henry H, and Jorzy WJ, In vitro P. falcifarum sensitivity assay. Antimicrobial agents and chemotheraphy. 2002; 42(6): 1441-1446.
13. Mukhtar MD, Bashir M and Arzai AH. Comparative In vitro Studies on Antiplasmodial activity of some Nigerian and Foreign brands of chloroquine Oral formulations marketed in Kano. African Extract of Piper betle L. Molecules. 2006; 16: 107-118.
14. Dacie J V and Lewis S M. (1968).Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 65-66.
15. Trager W, and Jensen JB, 1980. Cultivation of Erythrocytic and Exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodia, P. 271 – 319. in J. P Kreier (ed), Malaria, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
16. Imam AA, Salim MA, Bala M, Aisha MI, and Yahaya S. Phytochemistry and antiplasmodial properties of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Jatropha. Bayero journal of pure and applied sciences. 2016; 9(1):93-98.
17. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashara M, and Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with Multiple medicinal uses. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 2007; 21: 17-25.
18. Sibanda, Okoh AI, In vitro antibacterial Regimes of crude Aqueous and Acetone Extracts of Garcinia Kola seeds. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2008; 8:149 – 154.
19. Aja PM, Nwachukwu N, Igwenyi IO, Orji OU and Agbafor KN. Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) seeds and leaves, International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2011; 1: 139-153
20. Mahitha B., Archana P., Ebrahimzadeh H. MD., Srikanth K., Rajinikanth M. and Ramaswamy N. Antioxidant and Pharmacognistic studies of Cajanus cajan leaf extracts. Indian J pharm Sci. 2015; 77(2):170-177.
21. Nwali BU, Okakab ANC, Ibiam UA, and Aja PM. Phytochemical Composition of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research (IJABR). 2012; 2(3):1-3.
22. Iwu MM. Antihepatotoxic constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Experientia,1985; 41: 699–670.
23. Al-Adhroey AH, Nor Z.M, Al-Mekhlafi H.M, Amran A.A and Mahmud, R. Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf. Extract of Pipe betle L. Molecules. 2011;16(1): 107 – 118.
24. Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborová M, Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chem Biol Interact. 2002; 22; 139(1):1-21.
25. Burkill HM. The Useful Plants of West tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Garden, Kewl, UK.1995; 90-94.
26. Carson CF, and Riley TV. Non-antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Disease. Journal of Communicable Disease Intelligence, 2003; 27: 143-146.
27. Gills LS. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. University of Benin press, Nigeria. P. 1992; 276.
28. Harborne ZB. Phytochemical method. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champraan and Hall Press, London, 1973; 195-280.
29. Hou DX and Kumamoto T. Flavonoids as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Chemoprevention: Direct Binding and Molecular Modeling. Antioxidant Redox Signal, 2010; 13(5): 691-719.
30. Jain M, Kumar P and Goel A. Class 1 integrons and SXT elements conferring multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains associated with a recent large cholera outbreak in Orrissa, Eastern India. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2008; 32: 459-460.
1. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2020.
2. Nkunya HMH (1996). Unusual Metabolites from Tanzanian Annonaceous Plants: the genus Uvari, International Organization of Chemistry and Sciences for Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe, p 41.
3. Gelfand M “Rivers of Death” The Central African Journal of Medicine 1965; 11(8):1-45.
4. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2002.
5. Omoregie ES, and Sisodia B. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis and Soroja. Bayero. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 5: (1): 90 – 97.
6. Lar J and Gupta PC. Anthraquine glycosidres from the seeds of cassia occidentalis. Linn. Experentia.1973; 29:142-3.
7. Barbosa-Ferreira M, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, Górniak SL. Subacute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43:497–503.
8. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia Vol. 1. 2011.
9. Parekh J and Chanda S. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53 – 58.
10. Dacie J V and Lewis SM (Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 1968; 65-66.
11. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 1 second edition. Published in the United States of America by cambridge university press, New York. 2009; 231-257.
12. Hanne IZ, Dan S, Jette C, Lars H, Henry H, and Jorzy WJ, In vitro P. falcifarum sensitivity assay. Antimicrobial agents and chemotheraphy. 2002; 42(6): 1441-1446.
13. Mukhtar MD, Bashir M and Arzai AH. Comparative In vitro Studies on Antiplasmodial activity of some Nigerian and Foreign brands of chloroquine Oral formulations marketed in Kano. African Extract of Piper betle L. Molecules. 2006; 16: 107-118.
14. Dacie J V and Lewis S M. (1968).Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 65-66.
15. Trager W, and Jensen JB, 1980. Cultivation of Erythrocytic and Exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodia, P. 271 – 319. in J. P Kreier (ed), Malaria, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
16. Imam AA, Salim MA, Bala M, Aisha MI, and Yahaya S. Phytochemistry and antiplasmodial properties of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Jatropha. Bayero journal of pure and applied sciences. 2016; 9(1):93-98.
17. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashara M, and Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with Multiple medicinal uses. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 2007; 21: 17-25.
18. Sibanda, Okoh AI, In vitro antibacterial Regimes of crude Aqueous and Acetone Extracts of Garcinia Kola seeds. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2008; 8:149 – 154.
19. Aja PM, Nwachukwu N, Igwenyi IO, Orji OU and Agbafor KN. Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) seeds and leaves, International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2011; 1: 139-153
20. Mahitha B., Archana P., Ebrahimzadeh H. MD., Srikanth K., Rajinikanth M. and Ramaswamy N. Antioxidant and Pharmacognistic studies of Cajanus cajan leaf extracts. Indian J pharm Sci. 2015; 77(2):170-177.
21. Nwali BU, Okakab ANC, Ibiam UA, and Aja PM. Phytochemical Composition of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research (IJABR). 2012; 2(3):1-3.
22. Iwu MM. Antihepatotoxic constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Experientia,1985; 41: 699–670.
23. Al-Adhroey AH, Nor Z.M, Al-Mekhlafi H.M, Amran A.A and Mahmud, R. Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf. Extract of Pipe betle L. Molecules. 2011;16(1): 107 – 118.
24. Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborová M, Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chem Biol Interact. 2002; 22; 139(1):1-21.
25. Burkill HM. The Useful Plants of West tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Garden, Kewl, UK.1995; 90-94.
26. Carson CF, and Riley TV. Non-antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Disease. Journal of Communicable Disease Intelligence, 2003; 27: 143-146.
27. Gills LS. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. University of Benin press, Nigeria. P. 1992; 276.
28. Harborne ZB. Phytochemical method. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champraan and Hall Press, London, 1973; 195-280.
29. Hou DX and Kumamoto T. Flavonoids as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Chemoprevention: Direct Binding and Molecular Modeling. Antioxidant Redox Signal, 2010; 13(5): 691-719.
30. Jain M, Kumar P and Goel A. Class 1 integrons and SXT elements conferring multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains associated with a recent large cholera outbreak in Orrissa, Eastern India. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2008; 32: 459-460.
1. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2020.
2. Nkunya HMH (1996). Unusual Metabolites from Tanzanian Annonaceous Plants: the genus Uvari, International Organization of Chemistry and Sciences for Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe, p 41.
3. Gelfand M “Rivers of Death” The Central African Journal of Medicine 1965; 11(8):1-45.
4. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2002.
5. Omoregie ES, and Sisodia B. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis and Soroja. Bayero. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 5: (1): 90 – 97.
6. Lar J and Gupta PC. Anthraquine glycosidres from the seeds of cassia occidentalis. Linn. Experentia.1973; 29:142-3.
7. Barbosa-Ferreira M, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, Górniak SL. Subacute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43:497–503.
8. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia Vol. 1. 2011.
9. Parekh J and Chanda S. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53 – 58.
10. Dacie J V and Lewis SM (Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 1968; 65-66.
11. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 1 second edition. Published in the United States of America by cambridge university press, New York. 2009; 231-257.
12. Hanne IZ, Dan S, Jette C, Lars H, Henry H, and Jorzy WJ, In vitro P. falcifarum sensitivity assay. Antimicrobial agents and chemotheraphy. 2002; 42(6): 1441-1446.
13. Mukhtar MD, Bashir M and Arzai AH. Comparative In vitro Studies on Antiplasmodial activity of some Nigerian and Foreign brands of chloroquine Oral formulations marketed in Kano. African Extract of Piper betle L. Molecules. 2006; 16: 107-118.
14. Dacie J V and Lewis S M. (1968).Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 65-66.
15. Trager W, and Jensen JB, 1980. Cultivation of Erythrocytic and Exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodia, P. 271 – 319. in J. P Kreier (ed), Malaria, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
16. Imam AA, Salim MA, Bala M, Aisha MI, and Yahaya S. Phytochemistry and antiplasmodial properties of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Jatropha. Bayero journal of pure and applied sciences. 2016; 9(1):93-98.
17. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashara M, and Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with Multiple medicinal uses. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 2007; 21: 17-25.
18. Sibanda, Okoh AI, In vitro antibacterial Regimes of crude Aqueous and Acetone Extracts of Garcinia Kola seeds. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2008; 8:149 – 154.
19. Aja PM, Nwachukwu N, Igwenyi IO, Orji OU and Agbafor KN. Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) seeds and leaves, International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2011; 1: 139-153
20. Mahitha B., Archana P., Ebrahimzadeh H. MD., Srikanth K., Rajinikanth M. and Ramaswamy N. Antioxidant and Pharmacognistic studies of Cajanus cajan leaf extracts. Indian J pharm Sci. 2015; 77(2):170-177.
21. Nwali BU, Okakab ANC, Ibiam UA, and Aja PM. Phytochemical Composition of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research (IJABR). 2012; 2(3):1-3.
22. Iwu MM. Antihepatotoxic constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Experientia,1985; 41: 699–670.
23. Al-Adhroey AH, Nor Z.M, Al-Mekhlafi H.M, Amran A.A and Mahmud, R. Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf. Extract of Pipe betle L. Molecules. 2011;16(1): 107 – 118.
24. Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborová M, Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chem Biol Interact. 2002; 22; 139(1):1-21.
25. Burkill HM. The Useful Plants of West tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Garden, Kewl, UK.1995; 90-94.
26. Carson CF, and Riley TV. Non-antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Disease. Journal of Communicable Disease Intelligence, 2003; 27: 143-146.
27. Gills LS. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. University of Benin press, Nigeria. P. 1992; 276.
28. Harborne ZB. Phytochemical method. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champraan and Hall Press, London, 1973; 195-280.
29. Hou DX and Kumamoto T. Flavonoids as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Chemoprevention: Direct Binding and Molecular Modeling. Antioxidant Redox Signal, 2010; 13(5): 691-719.
30. Jain M, Kumar P and Goel A. Class 1 integrons and SXT elements conferring multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains associated with a recent large cholera outbreak in Orrissa, Eastern India. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2008; 32: 459-460.
2. Nkunya HMH (1996). Unusual Metabolites from Tanzanian Annonaceous Plants: the genus Uvari, International Organization of Chemistry and Sciences for Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe, p 41.
3. Gelfand M “Rivers of Death” The Central African Journal of Medicine 1965; 11(8):1-45.
4. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2002.
5. Omoregie ES, and Sisodia B. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis and Soroja. Bayero. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 5: (1): 90 – 97.
6. Lar J and Gupta PC. Anthraquine glycosidres from the seeds of cassia occidentalis. Linn. Experentia.1973; 29:142-3.
7. Barbosa-Ferreira M, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, Górniak SL. Subacute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43:497–503.
8. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia Vol. 1. 2011.
9. Parekh J and Chanda S. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53 – 58.
10. Dacie J V and Lewis SM (Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 1968; 65-66.
11. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 1 second edition. Published in the United States of America by cambridge university press, New York. 2009; 231-257.
12. Hanne IZ, Dan S, Jette C, Lars H, Henry H, and Jorzy WJ, In vitro P. falcifarum sensitivity assay. Antimicrobial agents and chemotheraphy. 2002; 42(6): 1441-1446.
13. Mukhtar MD, Bashir M and Arzai AH. Comparative In vitro Studies on Antiplasmodial activity of some Nigerian and Foreign brands of chloroquine Oral formulations marketed in Kano. African Extract of Piper betle L. Molecules. 2006; 16: 107-118.
14. Dacie J V and Lewis S M. (1968).Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 65-66.
15. Trager W, and Jensen JB, 1980. Cultivation of Erythrocytic and Exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodia, P. 271 – 319. in J. P Kreier (ed), Malaria, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
16. Imam AA, Salim MA, Bala M, Aisha MI, and Yahaya S. Phytochemistry and antiplasmodial properties of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Jatropha. Bayero journal of pure and applied sciences. 2016; 9(1):93-98.
17. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashara M, and Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with Multiple medicinal uses. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 2007; 21: 17-25.
18. Sibanda, Okoh AI, In vitro antibacterial Regimes of crude Aqueous and Acetone Extracts of Garcinia Kola seeds. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2008; 8:149 – 154.
19. Aja PM, Nwachukwu N, Igwenyi IO, Orji OU and Agbafor KN. Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) seeds and leaves, International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2011; 1: 139-153
20. Mahitha B., Archana P., Ebrahimzadeh H. MD., Srikanth K., Rajinikanth M. and Ramaswamy N. Antioxidant and Pharmacognistic studies of Cajanus cajan leaf extracts. Indian J pharm Sci. 2015; 77(2):170-177.
21. Nwali BU, Okakab ANC, Ibiam UA, and Aja PM. Phytochemical Composition of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research (IJABR). 2012; 2(3):1-3.
22. Iwu MM. Antihepatotoxic constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Experientia,1985; 41: 699–670.
23. Al-Adhroey AH, Nor Z.M, Al-Mekhlafi H.M, Amran A.A and Mahmud, R. Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf. Extract of Pipe betle L. Molecules. 2011;16(1): 107 – 118.
24. Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborová M, Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chem Biol Interact. 2002; 22; 139(1):1-21.
25. Burkill HM. The Useful Plants of West tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Garden, Kewl, UK.1995; 90-94.
26. Carson CF, and Riley TV. Non-antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Disease. Journal of Communicable Disease Intelligence, 2003; 27: 143-146.
27. Gills LS. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. University of Benin press, Nigeria. P. 1992; 276.
28. Harborne ZB. Phytochemical method. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champraan and Hall Press, London, 1973; 195-280.
29. Hou DX and Kumamoto T. Flavonoids as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Chemoprevention: Direct Binding and Molecular Modeling. Antioxidant Redox Signal, 2010; 13(5): 691-719.
30. Jain M, Kumar P and Goel A. Class 1 integrons and SXT elements conferring multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains associated with a recent large cholera outbreak in Orrissa, Eastern India. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2008; 32: 459-460.
1. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2020.
2. Nkunya HMH (1996). Unusual Metabolites from Tanzanian Annonaceous Plants: the genus Uvari, International Organization of Chemistry and Sciences for Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe, p 41.
3. Gelfand M “Rivers of Death” The Central African Journal of Medicine 1965; 11(8):1-45.
4. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2002.
5. Omoregie ES, and Sisodia B. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis and Soroja. Bayero. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 5: (1): 90 – 97.
6. Lar J and Gupta PC. Anthraquine glycosidres from the seeds of cassia occidentalis. Linn. Experentia.1973; 29:142-3.
7. Barbosa-Ferreira M, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, Górniak SL. Subacute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43:497–503.
8. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia Vol. 1. 2011.
9. Parekh J and Chanda S. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2007; 31: 53 – 58.
10. Dacie J V and Lewis SM (Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 1968; 65-66.
11. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 1 second edition. Published in the United States of America by cambridge university press, New York. 2009; 231-257.
12. Hanne IZ, Dan S, Jette C, Lars H, Henry H, and Jorzy WJ, In vitro P. falcifarum sensitivity assay. Antimicrobial agents and chemotheraphy. 2002; 42(6): 1441-1446.
13. Mukhtar MD, Bashir M and Arzai AH. Comparative In vitro Studies on Antiplasmodial activity of some Nigerian and Foreign brands of chloroquine Oral formulations marketed in Kano. African Extract of Piper betle L. Molecules. 2006; 16: 107-118.
14. Dacie J V and Lewis S M. (1968).Eds. Practical Haematology fourth edition. Blackwell Publishers, USA, pp 65-66.
15. Trager W, and Jensen JB, 1980. Cultivation of Erythrocytic and Exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodia, P. 271 – 319. in J. P Kreier (ed), Malaria, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
16. Imam AA, Salim MA, Bala M, Aisha MI, and Yahaya S. Phytochemistry and antiplasmodial properties of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Jatropha. Bayero journal of pure and applied sciences. 2016; 9(1):93-98.
17. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashara M, and Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with Multiple medicinal uses. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 2007; 21: 17-25.
18. Sibanda, Okoh AI, In vitro antibacterial Regimes of crude Aqueous and Acetone Extracts of Garcinia Kola seeds. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2008; 8:149 – 154.
19. Aja PM, Nwachukwu N, Igwenyi IO, Orji OU and Agbafor KN. Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) seeds and leaves, International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2011; 1: 139-153
20. Mahitha B., Archana P., Ebrahimzadeh H. MD., Srikanth K., Rajinikanth M. and Ramaswamy N. Antioxidant and Pharmacognistic studies of Cajanus cajan leaf extracts. Indian J pharm Sci. 2015; 77(2):170-177.
21. Nwali BU, Okakab ANC, Ibiam UA, and Aja PM. Phytochemical Composition of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves, International Journal of Advanced Biological Research (IJABR). 2012; 2(3):1-3.
22. Iwu MM. Antihepatotoxic constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Experientia,1985; 41: 699–670.
23. Al-Adhroey AH, Nor Z.M, Al-Mekhlafi H.M, Amran A.A and Mahmud, R. Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf. Extract of Pipe betle L. Molecules. 2011;16(1): 107 – 118.
24. Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborová M, Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chem Biol Interact. 2002; 22; 139(1):1-21.
25. Burkill HM. The Useful Plants of West tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Garden, Kewl, UK.1995; 90-94.
26. Carson CF, and Riley TV. Non-antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Disease. Journal of Communicable Disease Intelligence, 2003; 27: 143-146.
27. Gills LS. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. University of Benin press, Nigeria. P. 1992; 276.
28. Harborne ZB. Phytochemical method. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champraan and Hall Press, London, 1973; 195-280.
29. Hou DX and Kumamoto T. Flavonoids as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Chemoprevention: Direct Binding and Molecular Modeling. Antioxidant Redox Signal, 2010; 13(5): 691-719.
30. Jain M, Kumar P and Goel A. Class 1 integrons and SXT elements conferring multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains associated with a recent large cholera outbreak in Orrissa, Eastern India. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2008; 32: 459-460.
1. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2020.
2. Nkunya HMH (1996). Unusual Metabolites from Tanzanian Annonaceous Plants: the genus Uvari, International Organization of Chemistry and Sciences for Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe, p 41.
3. Gelfand M “Rivers of Death” The Central African Journal of Medicine 1965; 11(8):1-45.
4. World Health Organization Malaria Report, in WHO Global Malaria Programme Geneva Switzerland. 2002.
5. Omoregie ES, and Sisodia B. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis and Soroja. Bayero. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 5: (1): 90 – 97.
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7. Barbosa-Ferreira M, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, Górniak SL. Subacute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005; 43:497–503.
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How to Cite
Abba Umar Yakub, Ankita Mathur, and Sani Yahaya. “In Vitro Antiplasmodial Actitvity of Aqueous and Ethanol Stem And Leaf Extracts of Senna Occidentalis (Coffee Senna)”. Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 12, no. 2, July 2022, pp. 83-90, doi:10.24092/CRPS.2022.120202.
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Research Articles
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